2/19/2024 0 Comments Absolute entropy dbye![]() ![]() GATE Chemistry Syllabus 2022: Organic ChemistryĪtom economy and Green Chemistry Protection and deprotection of functional groups Concepts of multistep synthesis Selectivity in organic synthesis (chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity) Concepts of asymmetric synthesis Uses of Li, Zn, Cu, B, Mg, Sn, P, Si, and S based reagents in organic synthesis Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides) Umpolung reactivity (formyl and acyl anion equivalents) Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram, Prelog and Felkin-Anh models) Carbon-carbon bond formation through coupling reactions (Hiyama, McMurry, Tsuji-Trost, Kumada, Sonogoshira, Suzuki, Negishi, Stille, olefin metathesis and Heck) Carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silyl enol ethers.īasic mechanistic concepts (kinetic vs thermodynamic control, postulate of Hammond and principle of Curtin-Hammett) Nucleo- & electrophilic substitution reactions Linear free-energy relationship (Hammett & Taft equations) Reactive intermediates (carbenes, nitrenes, carbanions, carbocations, arynes & free radicals) Addition reactions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (N and O) multiple bonds Elimination reactions Methods to determine reaction mechanisms with the help of kinetics, products identification, intermediates & isotopic labelling Molecular rearrangements. Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms Self-assembly Surface tension, viscosity and catalysis (mechanism of Langmuir-Hinshelwood) Colloids, micelles and macromolecules’ physical chemistry Physisorption & chemisorption. Theory of transition state Fast reaction kinetics (flow methods & relaxation methods) Photochemical & photophysical processes kinetics Polymerization Kinetics Effects of kinetic isotopes Elementary, opposing, consecutive, and parallel reactions Unimolecular reactions Concepts of catalysis & enzyme catalysis Diffusion controlled reactions Complex reactions mechanisms Approximation of steady state Potential energy surfaces and classical trajectories Saddle points concept. Quantum mechanics postulates Operators Molecular structure & Chemical bonding (Born-Oppenheimer approximation Valence bond theory and LCAO-MO theory) LCAO-MO theory application to H2+, H2 Hydrogen & hydrogen-like atoms Multi-electron atoms MOT theory of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules Dirac bra-ket notation Approximation Methods (Variation method and secular determinants first-order perturbation techniques) Hückel approximation and its application to annular π– electron systems Particle in a box (infinite & finite square wells, tunnelling particle in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D box, applications) Harmonic oscillator (harmonic & anharmonic potentials) Hermite polynomials Atomic units slater determinants Schrödinger’s time-dependent & independent equations Born interpretation Pauli exclusion principle Rotational motion (angular momentum operators, rigid rotor) Hybrid orbitals.ĭiatomic and polyatomic molecular vibrational, Raman, rotational, and electronic spectroscopy coefficients of Einstein Atomic spectroscopy Line broadening Term symbols and spectral details Russell-Saunders coupling Nuclear magnetic resonance principles origin of selection rules transition moment integral and molar extinction coefficient & oscillator strength relationship. Thermochemistry Thermodynamics laws, functions & their relationships (Gibbs-Helmholtz & Maxwell relations, Gibbs-Duhem, & Van’t Hoff equation) Mixing Thermodynamics Statistical thermodynamics Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law Clausius- Clapeyron equation Chemical potential Relationship between Electrode potential & thermodynamic quantities Absolute entropy Debye-Hückel limiting law & Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation Potentiometric & conductometric titrations Standard states Nernst Equation and its application Chemical equilibria Criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium Phase rule One component (CO2, H2O, S) and two component systems (liquid-vapor, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid) Azeotropes & eutectics Partial molar quantities Ideal and Non-ideal solutions Equilibrium constant dependence on pressure & temperature Ionic mobility & conductivity Standard electrode potentials and electrochemical cells Fugacity, activity & activity coefficients System of fractional distillation. Point groups and character tables Hybrid orbital construction using symmetry aspects Internal coordinates and vibrational modes Symmetry elements and operations Symmetry adapted linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO-MO). ![]()
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